In life, you must make choices. You can’t succeed at everything. For example, Tiger Woods is an excellent golfer, but a terrible husband. Shaquille O’Neal? Great at basketball, but acting? Not so much. (Bo Jackson could be the exception.)

Penguins realized this about 70 million years ago, when they gave up flying for diving and swimming. Now, a study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences explains why.

Researchers from the University of Manitoba studied murres, a type of auk—a family of birds that is similar to penguins but not at all related. Apparently, this species didn’t get the message about excelling at one skill. The murres both fly and swim. But research shows the dual skills come at a very high cost.

The scientists measured the energy usage of the birds. According to National Geographic News Watch,

They injected the birds with stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen to serve as tracers to mark the physical costs of their activities.

The team found that when flying, the murres’ sustained the highest metabolic rates ever measured for any animal. (Previously, the bar-headed goose held the record, but they are the world’s high-altitude flying champions.) In fact, the energy costs of the murres were 33% higher than the biologists expected after doing biomechanical modeling of the bird. The birds are sufficient swimmers, but researchers found that the birds’ energy costs while swimming were higher than penguins, who are specialists in the sea.

Lead-author Kyle Elliott remarks in both Nature News and ScienceNOW that the murres are at “the edge of what a bird can do.” And the team suggests that such high flight costs may have led aquatic birds, like penguins, to develop their wings for  propelled diving in response to foraging opportunities at increasing depths, behavioral adaptations that led, finally, to flightlessness.

In short, good flippers don’t fly well. But they’re great for swimming and diving. Fine choice, penguins.

Image: Ken FUNAKOSHI/Flickr

But it’s what they do in the water might surprise you. They dive to extraordinary depths for feeding – down to between 1000 and 2600 feet! During their migrations in the Pacific, they will travel the open ocean for several months at a time. According to Dan Costa, Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at UC Santa Cruz and supervisor of elephant seal research at Año Nuevo, one migration (after they wean their pups) lasts two to three months and the other (after they molt) lasts seven months.

This fact has long puzzled researchers.  How do elephant seals rest while migrating at sea for such long periods of time?

Dr. Costa and other researchers believe they have found the answer to this question, and they published their theory in the April 23^rd issue of Biology Letters.

According to the paper, northern elephant seals rest as they perform drift dives, which resemble a type of scuba diving and allow the seal to drift with the currents.  “We found that seals rolled over and sank on their backs during the drift phase, wobbling periodically so that they resembled a falling leaf… this allows them time to rest, process food or possibly sleep during the descent phase of these dives where they are probably less susceptible to predation.”

These drift dives are slower than their other dives. On average, they may last 25 minutes and reach about 1400 feet below sea level. How often are they making these dives? “Mostly they do it more after a series of feeding dives. A few times a day if things are going well,” according to Dr. Costa via email.

Sounds a little like siestas or catnaps, doesn’t it? Making me sleepy… Yawn.

Creative Commons image by Mike Baird