When are extreme events part of natural climate variability and when are they due to climate change? It’s important to ask—no matter where you stand on the role of humanity’s impact on the environment.

A group of international scientists decided to address this question, focusing on a dozen or so extreme events from 2012. Their results were published last week in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. (The findings are also available in a downloadable report.)

And the results, were, well, variable.

The researchers did not look at Hurricane Sandy, but they did examine the flooding and the inundation it caused. Because of sea-level rise (a direct result of climate change), the researchers determined that the superstorm did far greater damage than it would have with oceans at normal levels.

The team also determined that heavy rains in the United Kingdom, Japan, and China were not due to global warming, and Australia’s above-average rainfall was due to a La Niña event (or short-term climate variability).

However, a deluge in New Zealand was due to climate change. From Wired:

Total moisture available for this extreme event was 1% to 5% higher as a result of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions.

And Arctic sea ice melt? The cap of sea ice covering the North Pole shrunk to its smallest extent last summer. The cause? Climate change.

What about last year’s devastating drought in the Midwest? Scientists judged that climate variability was to blame—not global warming.

However, Stanford researchers did find that the extreme heat that came with last summer’s drought could be attributed to climate change. They also found strong evidence that the high levels of greenhouse gases now in the atmosphere have increased the likelihood of severe heat.

In addition, their findings indicate that extreme weather in the north-central and northeastern United States is more than four times as likely to occur than it was in the pre-industrial era.

The Palo Alto scientists hope the results from these studies can help to quantify the true cost of emissions to society, since the cost of the disaster is measurable.

“Knowing how much our emissions have changed the likelihood of this kind of severe heat event can help us to minimize the impacts of the next heat wave, and to determine the value of avoiding further changes in climate,” says lead author Noah Diffenbaugh, a Stanford associate professor of environmental Earth system science.

Image: Theresa L Wysocki/Flickr

For scientists, policy-makers and organizers who frequently discuss climate change, the last few years have been rough! While they still may be discussing it amongst themselves, with the economic downturn, a larger audience has been absent. An episode of Frontline explores the massive shift in public opinion on climate change.

But the last two weeks might change all of that.

Hurricane Sandy affected so many people that climate change popped up in many new conversations. Click on these questions to find some of these headlines:

• Was the storm caused by climate change?
• Are humans to blame?
• Will global warming bring more “frankenstorms” like Sandy?
• How can cities protect themselves?
• What are some of the financial impacts?
• How can communities adapt to a new normal of storms like these?
• How do we find stormproof solutions?

Will Obama’s second term allow him to speak more freely (and more urgently) about climate change? Scientific American says that we’ll likely only see “more of the same.” But New Scientist has some suggestions about how he can create a “climate change legacy.” And Brandon Keim, in Wired, sees opportunity for the President:

A cap-and-trade system for carbon pollution is unlikely, but other approaches are possible, from adapting infrastructure and improving post-disaster resilience to revenue-neutral carbon taxes and reduced fossil fuel subsidies.

Let’s hope these conversations start quickly (the Academy’s Peter Roopnarine blogs about climate change, providing many conversation starters). According to recent news headlines (here and here), we’re quickly looking at worst-case scenarios for global warming.

What do you want to say about climate change? Share below.

Image: NOAA