There have been some unusual circumstances that have contributed to the mortality of some of the African penguin population. These circumstances have been verified: an underwater release of fish oil (similar in effect to crude oil spills), underwater blasting during harbor construction, entanglement in discarded fishing nest and lines, cloacal eversion and penguins being killed and used as bait in Rock Lobster traps. While each event may result in a small percentage of the total African penguin population, these events in addition to earlier discussed population impacts are regarded as detrimental. Even though the islands that African penguins breed on are managed to protect the species and determine their population stresses, these unusual circumstances may be some of the more difficult to predict.-Pamela Schaller