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New research prompts urgent call from scientists to protect Madagascar’s unique biodiversity

Experts from more than 50 organizations, including the Academy, review current state of biodiversity on island.

December 2, 2022 (SAN FRANCISCO, CA) — In two new papers published yesterday in Science, California Academy of Sciences Curator Brian Fisher, PhD, and collaborators from more than 50 global organizations have undertaken a major review of Madagascar’s extraordinary biodiversity. Bringing together the most up-to-date resources and using cutting-edge techniques to predict conservation status, the team evaluated the threats facing terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity and looked at future opportunities for conservation and regeneration.

Madagascar—one of five focal archipelagos for the Academy’s Islands 2030 initiative—is one of the world’s foremost biodiversity hotspots, with a unique assemblage of plants, animals, and fungi, the majority of which evolved on the island and occur nowhere else. And yet these papers highlight that there is still much to learn, particularly for groups such as fungi and invertebrates, where current scientific species descriptions represent a small fraction of the full diversity present. Despite species descriptions accelerating in recent years, there is much to do to scientifically describe the full range of Malagasy species and to understand their past, present, and future.

“On the one hand, these reviews highlight the incredible efforts of many local and international scientists to document the diversity of Madagascar and how these results can address biodiversity loss,” says Fisher, who is an expert on Malagasy ant biodiversity. “But the study also calls out how little we know about some groups like arthropods. Arthropods are the glue that holds the forest together, but we still need to learn how many species exist in Madagascar and how many might have already gone extinct.”

Understanding the origins, evolution, current distribution, and uses of Madagascar’s extraordinary biodiversity is crucial to highlighting its global importance and guiding urgent conservation efforts. Among the 1,314 species of native terrestrial and freshwater vertebrates found in Madagascar, around 90% are endemic, meaning they are found nowhere else on Earth.

This unique diversity is in grave danger. The research team compiled available IUCN assessment data on plants and vertebrates, and used machine learning to predict the extinction risks for many species. Their analyses showed that overexploitation (the direct hunting and harvesting of species) and unsustainable agricultural practices affect 62.1% and 56.8% of vertebrate species, respectively, and each affects nearly 90% of all plant species. They conclude the current knowledge of Madagascar’s biodiversity and its decline indicates an urgent need for action.

Currently, protected areas cover 10.4% of Madagascar and are relatively well-placed to capture the island nation’s biodiversity. The team found that the network provides good coverage of the major habitats, particularly mangroves, spiny forests, humid forests, and tapia forests, but that subhumid forests and grassland-woodland mosaics have very low areas under protection (5.7% and 1.8% respectively). Nevertheless, 79.6% of threatened plants and 97.7% of threatened vertebrates occur within at least one protected area. Complementary to this, ex-situ collections hold 18% of vertebrate species and 23% of plant species. Maintaining and improving the quality of protection in these areas—along with effective ex-situ conservation, such as seed banks and breeding and reintroduction programs, and integrated community programs—will be the key to success.

Madagascar’s rich biodiversity has provided many opportunities for human utilization and there are many more useful properties waiting to be explored. The challenge is to find a balance between use of biodiversity and conserving the integrity of protected areas. The majority of Madagascar’s over 28 million inhabitants live outside of, but often very close to, protected areas. These communities face challenges connected to widespread poverty, which itself is related to the degradation of natural capital in the landscape, limited access to formal education, health care, and regulatory issues including land tenure.

Madagascar has made important progress toward achieving international climate, biodiversity, and sustainable development goals; providing a foundation on which to build in the coming decades. The researchers frame biodiversity as the greatest opportunity and most valuable asset for Madagascar’s future development—a key resource for a regenerative future and the well-being of its citizens.

They propose five opportunities for action to further conservation in a just and equitable way:

1. Investment in conservation and restoration must be based on evidence and effectiveness, rather than simplistic area-based metrics, and tailored to meet future challenges through inclusive solutions.
2. Expanded biodiversity monitoring, including increased dataset production and availability, is key to safeguarding Madagascar's most valuable natural assets.
3. Improving the effectiveness of existing protected areas, for example through community engagement, training, and income opportunities, is more important than creating new ones.
4. Conservation and restoration should not focus solely on the protected areas network but should also include the surrounding landscapes and communities.
5. Conservation actions must address the root causes of biodiversity loss, including poverty and food insecurity.

Fisher adds that what is crucial to achieving all of these goals is thoughtful, long-term partnerships with local communities. “For over 20 years, the Academy has been working alongside Malagasy researchers, resulting in the co-development of the Madagascar Biodiversity Center. It is only through this kind of deep, anti-colonial collaboration with local scientists, conservationists, and communities that a regenerative future can be ensured for Madagascar’s unique biodiversity."